The chief executive of the state is also the supreme commander of the armed forces of the state.ĥ. It has the prime responsibility to take all such steps as are needed in the interest of the security and integrity of the state. The executive is the final judge of the nature of the threat to the security of the country. To organise military for the defence of the state, to prepare for and fight the war, if it becomes necessary, and to negotiate and sign peace settlement after every war, are the functions performed by the executive. It is the responsibility of the executive to undertake this work. One of the key functions of the state is to defend and preserve the unity and integrity of the country and protect it in the event of an external aggression or war. It is again the responsibility of the executive to secure legislative approval for the treaties signed by it. Most of the treaties also require ratification by the legislature of the State. The executive negotiates the treaties in accordance with the procedure defined by international law and also in accordance with the provisions the constitution of the state.Įach treaty is signed by a member of the executive. It is the responsibility of the executive to decide as to which treaties are to be signed with which other countries. As such appointment-making is a function of the executive. Similar practice prevails in almost all the states. The appointments are done by the Chief executive in accordance with the recommendations of the UPSC. It recruits on merit, candidates for appointment to these cadres.
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In India, the Union Public Service Commission annually holds competitive examinations for All India Services, Central Services and Allied Services. This is, usually, done on the recommendation of a service recruitment commission. The members of the civil service are also appointed by the Chief executive. However, all such appointments require the approval of the US Senate (Upper House US Congress i.e. All the secretaries who head various government departments, Judges of the Supreme Court and other Federal Courts, the Federal officials in the States etc., are appointed by the US President. Likewise, the President of the United States makes a very large number of key appointments. Each minister is head of a department or some of the government. The political executive heads the government. Thereafter these policies and laws of the State are implemented by the civil servants, who work under the control of Political Executive. Their function is to formulate policies and get these policies and laws approved from the Legislature. The ministers are amateurs, non-experts and non-professionals. They can again become ministers only when the party to which they belong returns to power as the majority party. After completing one tenure, ministers have to again contest elections. It acts as a temporary executive in the sense that it changes after every election. Political Executive work for a fixed tenure of about 5 years. They are mostly elected representative of the people and responsible for all their decisions and policies before the public. It consists of the executive head of the state and other heads of the executive departments is ministers. (1) “In a broad and collective sense, the executive organ embraces the aggregate or totality of all the functionaries and agencies which are concerned with the execution of the will of the state as that will has been formulated and expressed in terms of law.” Garner
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However, in modern times, the executive is defined in its broader form and it covers both the Political Executive as well as the Civil Service. Traditionally, only the narrow meaning used to be accepted by the political scientists. In the narrow form, the civil service and its administrative functions are not included in the realm of the Executive.
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the political Executive), who head the government departments, formulate the policies and supervise the implementation of the laws and policies of the government. In its narrow form, it is taken to mean only the executive heads (ministers i.e. In its broad form, it is taken to mean all the functionaries, political power-holders (Political Executive) and permanent civil servants who undertake the execution of laws and policies and run the administration of state. The term ‘Executive’ has been defined both in its broad and narrow forms.